Assessment of Translocator Protein Density, as Marker of Neuroinflammation, in Major Depressive Disorder: A Pilot, Multicenter, Comparative, Controlled, Brain PET Study (INFLADEP Study)

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious public health problem with high lifetime prevalence (4.4–20%) in the general population. The monoamine hypothesis is the most widespread etiological theory of MDD. Also, recent scientific data has emphasized the importance of immuno-inflammatory pathways in the pathophysiology of MDD. The lack of data on the magnitude of brain neuroinflammation in MDD is the main limitation of this inflammatory hypothesis. Our team has previously demonstrated the relevance of [18F] DPA-714 as a neuroinflammation biomarker in humans. We formulated the following hypotheses for the current study: (i) Neuroinflammation in MDD can be measured by [18F] DPA-714; (ii) its levels are associated with clinical severity; (iii) it is accompanied by anatomical and functional alterations within the frontal-subcortical circuits; (iv) it is a marker of treatment resistance.Methods: Depressed patients will be recruited throughout 4 centers (Bordeaux, Montpellier, Tours, and Toulouse) of the French network from 13 expert centers for resistant depression. The patient population will be divided into 3 groups: (i) experimental group—patients with current MDD (n = 20), (ii) remitted depressed group—patients in remission but still being treated (n = 20); and, (iii) control group without any history of MDD (n = 20). The primary objective will be to compare PET data (i.e., distribution pattern of neuroinflammation) between the currently depressed group and the control group. Secondary objectives will be to: (i) compare neuroinflammation across groups (currently depressed group vs. remitted depressed group vs. control group); (ii) correlate neuroinflammation with clinical severity across groups; (iii) correlate neuroinflammation with MRI parameters for structural and functional integrity across groups; (iv) correlate neuroinflammation and peripheral markers of inflammation across groups.Discussion: This study will assess the effects of antidepressants on neuroinflammation as well as its role in the treatment response. It will contribute to clarify the putative relationships between neuroinflammation quantified by brain neuroimaging techniques and peripheral markers of inflammation. Lastly, it is expected to open innovative and promising therapeutic perspectives based on anti-inflammatory strategies for the management of treatment-resistant forms of MDD commonly seen in clinical practice.Clinical trial registration (reference: NCT03314155): https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03314155?term=neuroinflammation&cond=depression&cntry=FR&rank=

A predictive model of organic acids separation by chromatography with strong anionic resins in sulfate form

International audienceOrganic acids commonly have quite symmetrical chromatography profiles at low pH (< 1.5) with strong anionic resins, but a significant tailing can be observed with succinic and citric acids. Classical adsorption models, like the Langmuir model, fail to predict this behavior, which can have a major influence on mean retention times and profile shapes, therefore on chromatography performances. A new retention model was developed to better predict organic acid separation with strong anionic resin. This model combines a refined Langmuir adsorption model and an ionexchange model. Organic acid adsorption is assumed to be due to hydrogen bonding with sulfate and hydrogen sulfate counter-anions on the resin. The adsorption capacity depends mostly on molecular size: up to sixteen formic acid molecules could be adsorbed per counter-anions, meanwhile only two succinic acid or one citric acid molecules could be adsorbed. This adsorption model was then embedded in a generic and accurate modeling approach (continuous column with mass balance equations solved by the conservation element/solution element (CE/SE) method). All parameters of this column model were identified by fitting the simulation to experimental results (equilibrium curves and pulse tests). Then, the column model was validated with original experimental results from a binary mixture pulse test (formic and succinic acids). Results show that the simulations are much more predictive for multi-component pulse tests, both in terms of profile shape and retention time, which cannot be captured without considering ion-exchange

Effect of composition information on the perception of innovative beverages mixing animal and plant ingredients by consumers

MasterWe studied the reaction of consumers and non-consumers of plant-based alternatives towards beverages mixing cow milk with soy juice or oat juice. We focused on the liking of these products and on the perceived nutritional and environmental quality. We compared the results obtained by presenting the products with or without composition information, with two types of composition information (plant-based or mixed) and between consumers and non-consumers of plant-based alternatives. We found that the plant-based composition information increased the appreciation of products containing oat. Both composition information had a similar impact on the perceived nutritional quality. The mixed composition information decreased the environmental scores of products containing soy, the plant-based composition information increased the environmental scores of products containing oat. Consumers of plant-based alternatives had a higher appreciation of the products, gave higher nutritional scores (especially with the plant-based composition information) and environmental scores than non-consumers.Nous avons étudié la réaction de consommateurs et non consommateurs de produits végétaux face à des boissons mélangeant du lait de vache avec du jus de soja ou d’avoine. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’appréciation de ces produits et à la qualité nutritionnelle et environnementale perçue. Nous avons comparé les résultats obtenus en présentant les produits avec ou sans information de composition, avec deux types d’information de composition (végétale ou mixte) et entre des consommateurs et des non consommateurs d’alternatives végétales. Nous avons constaté que l’information de composition végétale augmentait l’appréciation des produits contenant de l’avoine. Les deux informations de composition avaient un impact similaire sur la qualité nutritionnelle perçue. L’information de composition mixte diminuait la note environnementale des produits contenant du soja, l’information de composition végétale augmentait celle des produits contenant de l’avoine. Les consommateurs de produits végétaux appréciaient plus les produits, donnaient de meilleures notes nutritionnelles (notamment avec l’information de composition végétale) et environnementales que les non consommateurs

Lithium recovery from aqueous solution by sorption/desorption

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Purification of pentoses from hemicellulosic hydrolysates with sulfuric acid recovery by using electrodialysis

International audienceThe valorization of lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable carbon source is growing in chemical industries, particularly in the agro-industrial sector. Many chemicals compounds and bio-based intermediates can be produced but their production needs to be more cost-competitive. The valorization of pentoses in hemicellulosic hydrolysates, obtained by using dilute sulfuric acid, is of growing interest. However, current downstream processes which involve a partial or complete neutralization of the acid are not satisfactory for economic and environmental reasons.This work presents a method of purification of pentoses with sulfuric acid recovery which reduces water and chemicals consumptions. The results obtained at the laboratory scale with wheat bran hydrolysates are very promising. The process is based on the combination of ultrafiltration, conventional electrodialysis and ion-exchange. A special organic UF membrane (Alpha Laval - UFX10pHt), resistant to acidic conditions, removed totally macromolecules which can damage the electrodialysis unit by precipitation, with good mean permeate flow rate (24 L h−1 m−2 till VCF = 4.4). Then, conventional electrodialysis was performed to recover most of sulfuric acid (>80%) without losing sugars (<1%) with an acceptable faradic yield (70%). The specific energy consumption of the electrodialysis stack was interesting (0.6 kWh per kg of H2SO4 recovered and 4.2 kWh per m3 of hydrolysate). Finally, the complete demineralization (conductivity <10 μS cm−1) and discoloration (420 nm absorbance <0.01) of the pentoses solution was obtained by ion-exchange with about a 10-fold increase of resins capacity (20 BV) compared to conventional processes with a neutralization step (2 BV)

Purification of pentoses from hemicellulosic hydrolysates without neutralization for sulfuric acid recovery

International audienceThe agro-industrial sector generates large amounts of coproducts such as lignocellulosic biomass which could be valorized into many chemicals and bio-based intermediates (sugars, paper pulp, surfactants, polymers or bioethanol). However, in the case of biomass hydrolysis by diluted sulfuric acid, current downstream processes involve a partial or complete neutralization which are not satisfactory for economic and environmental reasons. This work presents a purification process of pentoses from hemicellulosic hydrolysates without neutralization for sulfuric acid recovery. Compared to conventional processes, less energy, water and chemicals are required. Very promising results were obtained at pilot scale with 100 L of wheat bran hydrolysates. The process is based on the combination of ultrafiltration, Conventional electrodialysis and ion-exchange. Ultrafiltration with a 10 kDa organic membrane totally removed harmful macromolecules which precipitate during electrodialysis operation because of pH rise. Till a volumetric concentration factor 3.6, the average flux kept good for industrial application (27 L h(-1)m(-2)). However suspended materials have to be filtered before ultrafiltration. Besides, a 2.5 diafiltration is required to recover most of sugars (99%): Then conventional electrodialysis was performed to recover most of sulfuric acid (80%). The average faradic yield was quite good (80%) and the specific energy consumption of the electrodialysis stack was quite interesting (1.1 kW h per kg of H2SO4 recovered and 8.4 kW h per m(3) of hydrolysate). Finally, the complete demineralization (conductivity < 10 mu S cm(-1)) and discoloration (420 nm absorbance < 0.01) of the sugars solution was performed by ion-exchange and an activated carbon polishing treatment. The sugars purity was close to 100% meanwhile the overall sugars recovery rate reach about 90%. Finally we checked that the reused sulfuric acid solution was as efficient as a fresh one in a second hydrolysis operation of wheat bran. Recovery rates could be increased by a scale-up operation or a continuous mode of the process

Etat d’avancement et blocages pour la détermination granulométrique par photographie immergée

National audienc

Suivi in vivo de nanomédecines par spectroscopie localisée de diffusion

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